The goal of achieving optimal fatty acid nutrition must be approached by altering the fatty acid composition of the day-to-day meal pattern. If the fast is high in saturated fats more of the positions on the glycerol backbones ordain be taken up by saturated fats. If the diet is high in omega-6 fats or hydrogenated fats more of the positions ordain be taken up by those fatty acids. If one can begin to change magnitude the consumption of known health-enhancing fats then the triglyceride and phospholipid pool will convert. This will in move exert beneficial effects on membrane physiology and provide precursors for eicosanoids that exert health-enhancing rather than health-robbing effects. OMEGA- 6 RECOMMENDATIONSVarious recommendations by research organizations undergo indicated certain minimum dietary levels for essential fatty acids. For example for humans the World Health Organization suggests that 3% of calories should consist of essential fatty acids for an adult and 5% for children. The essential fatty acids they contract are linoleic and linolenic acids. Specific recommendations made by United States governmental agencies declare that linoleic acid should be approximately 12% of calories. Some argue this should be increased to as much as 10% for optimal or therapeutic effects. But this minimum recommendation for linoleic acid is not only met by modem food sources it is usually exceeded to the extreme. For example the average American would need only to eat about 45 milligrams of linoleic acid per kilogram of body weight per day but they are consuming over 300. The same disparity exists for animals on modern processed foods. High dietary omega six fatty acids are common but essential fatty acid deficiencies are paradoxically also common. This is due to a variety of factors. The increasing use of warm weather seeds which now lift in modern agriculture provides the excess supply. The "fat tooth that modern cultures have is satisfied by large portions of omega-6 oils in processed foods. The discovery of cholesterol in atherosclerotic plaques leading to the conclusion that cholesterol should be excluded from the diet also led to increased consumption of vegetable (omega-6) fats. Although exceeding the minimums quantitatively is apparently easy the quality of fatty acids is threatened by the very nature of processing itself which can readily degrade essential fatty acids into nonutilizable or even toxic forms. The primary goal should therefore be to change magnitude omega-6 fatty acids in quantity and change magnitude their quality while at the same measure increasing the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio in the fast. OMEGA-3 RECOMMENDATIONSSources of omega-3 oils include look for wild meat and animal products from animals on high omega-3 diets as well as certain seeds such as flaxseed chia assail cold-weather nuts and soybeans. Other sources include mosses ferns alfalfa the bark of certain trees and phytoplankton which have the metabolic machinery (desaturase and elongase enzymes) within chloroplasts to convert omega-6's to omega-3's. But normally these sources are not consumed to any degree by non-wild higher mammals. Wild animals undergo not only less fat but a higher omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratio in tissues.1 (Fig. 30)The recommendation for linolenic acid (lay source omega-3) to prevent deficiency is.54% of calories.2 Others declare a level ranging from 0.8% to 1.2%.3 More important than absolute amounts of linolenic acid would be the ratio corresponding to linoleic acid and perhaps other fatty acids. Clinical effectiveness as can be predicted from a synergonic believe has been related to balance rather than process.4,5 The ideal ratio can be deduced from the respective levels of these oils in many common natural foods and also the ratio which exists in mother's milk. This ratio seems to be approximately 5: 1 with linoleic acid comprising the greater proportion. (Fig. 33)Unfortunately some American mothers have ratios exceeding 30: 1.6,7 A minimum of 11/2 grams per day of linolenic acid for humans has been suggested for maintenance and over 100 grams per day have been utilized in therapy.8Omega-3 fish oils consumed specifically to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease should alter up 2% of daily calorie consumption according to some researchers. This would amount to approximately five grams per day. As much as 10-20 grams or change surface more per day has also been suggested.9 Some however report that relatively small doses can act a beneficial effect.10 Others inform an unfavorable alter in LDL-C and LDL-apoprotein B concentrations in low doses compared to the higher ones.11 Such confusion and contradiction abounds when attempting to design diet based on doses of isolated nutrients.. benefits are possible but so are dangers. OMEGA-3 DANGERSThere are a variety of dangers associated with the consumption of high levels of look for oils. Increased bleeding measure may create risks for cerebral vascular accident and epistaxis (look bleed).12,13 Fish oils undergo recently been shown to increase LDL levels and thus potentially predispose to cardiovascular disease rather than prevent it.14 Depletion of be reserves of vitamin E used to stabilize these highly reactive oil molecules (potential steatitis yellow fat disease may result but is prevented with vitamin E supplementation -- the process required being up to six times normal levels) free radical and bleach generation from the spontaneous degradation of these oils and over-consumption of heavy metals (mercury etc.) and chlorinated hydrocarbons or toxins which may concentrate in fish oils.15,16Since look for are higher on the food arrange than plant sources of omega-3 the risk of toxin concentration is of cover greater. Although linolenic acid is believed to be approximately 1/5 as effective in some therapies as EPA derived directly from fish oil (since it must go through enzymatic steps to convert to EPA) many would argue that this is the preferred source of omega-3 fatty acids since this dietary obtain could simply accept the be to regulate its own requirement for EPA. 17,18OMEGA-9 RECOMMENDATIONSOmega-9 oils derived from olive and other sources are not considered an essential dietary fatty acid. However an impressive body of bear witness indicates their health and nutritional benefits. Doses of as high as 10% of dietary fats or 1 ounce of olive oil per day is one recommendation based upon research on the cause of omega-9 fatty acids on various health parameters.19-21PHOSPHOLIPID RECOMMENDATIONSPhospholipids are a predominant move of all cellular and organelle membranes and thus are an extremely important biochemical component. They are particularly rich in hit tissue sphingosines and in sphingomyelin. The choline calculate of phosphotidl choline is a component of the neuronal transmitter acetylcholine. There is no dietary requirement for phospholipids since the be is capable of manufacturing them. However there is a considerable body of medical literature indicating the beneficial effects of supplementing lecithin phosphotidl choline to the diet. A dosage of choline ranging from three to twelve grams per day has been used for such conditions as tardive dyskinesia pre-senile dementia. Alzheimer's disease manic depression diabetic peripheral neuropathy and a wide range of other neurological and locomotor as come up as autonomic dysfunctions in humans and animals. 22-28SATURATED FAT RECOMMENDATIONSThere is no recognized dietary requirement for saturated fat. However.
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